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The present paper explores the relationship between attitudes towards mathematics (ATM) and achievement in college calculus in active learning (AL) and lecture-based (LB) classrooms. Previous work on this relationship has mainly been limited to LB instruction, neglecting the impact of innovative approaches such as AL. Less attention has been paid to the roles played in this relationship by gender, year in college, and initial ATM. Results from a sample of 535 undergraduate students enrolled in 9 AL and 9 LB sections are presented. Data included ATMI surveys’ responses, final grades, and demographics. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted. The influence of instruction on students with low ATM was also examined. Gender and year in college were the main demographic variables considered. Achievement in AL was found to be less dependent on initial ATM in terms of correlation. AL showed higher gains in grades than LB, when controlling for ATM and demographic variables. Effect sizes of AL instruction on grades of students with low ATM were larger than those of students with higher ATM. Furthermore, AL courses had a large effect size (d = 0.81) on female students with lower ATM, confirming its role as a gender equalizer. 

College calculus plays an important role in STEM students’ degree and career aspirations. One of the key factors considered in assessing a student’s ability to be successful in calculus is their proficiency in topics from prior mathematics courses such as algebra and precalculus. This study set out to examine the impact of students’ precalculus proficiency on their achievement in introductory calculus based on their classroom environment. Results from the implementation of the Modeling Practices in Calculus (MPC) model, an innovative, active learning approach, are presented. Using a randomized-controlled trial research design, students were randomly assigned to MPC and traditional, lecture-based calculus sections. The Precalculus Concept Assessment inventory was administered to gauge students’ precalculus proficiency. We found that students exposed to the MPC model were more likely to be successful in their calculus course, even if they began with low precalculus proficiency. Also, students enrolled in the MPC sections saw significant growth in their precalculus proficiency from the beginning to the end of the semester. Additionally, we observed this model providing support for students in key demographics (low proficiency, female, underclassmen) in terms of the development of their proficiency that they may not receive in traditional classrooms.